Rafferty - Family History & Genealogy Message Board

Looking For Rafferty's

1eternalflame2011 — 2012-05-25 02:52:02Z

My Grandmother was Dorothy Helen Rafferty. Her mother was Ellen Mcquade and Father John Mark Rafferty .If you think you may be related it may help me .

Re: Rafferty Family

billgrimes99 — 2012-05-14 21:54:05Z

Hi Catherine,

I live in Round Rock, TX so it might be a tad difficult to meet in person. But my email address is GRIMY_B@swbell.net. So feel free to contact me anytime and we can compare notes.

My grandfather William Louis Grimes was born in Sleepy Eye in 1870. His brother Michael Grimes married Nancy Raverty and they moved to Windom in Cottonwood County where their descendants still live.

We had a Grimes family reunion last June, 2011 in Plymouth, MN. This reunited the families of two brothers, William homas Grimes and Edward Brimes who lived in Sleepy Eye starting from 1868 when they moved there from Jessenland in Sibley County. Some of the Ravertys moved to Sleepy Eye with them.

Re: Rafferty Family

catwells75 — 2012-05-14 17:49:03Z

Guess that makes it official! Hi cousin! When I was small we used to go with Grandma Case, Rose's daughter to the see the remains of the log cabin, one small room, in which they lived. It no longer exists. Will try to contact you so we can meet in person some time. Catherine Case Wellman

Re: Are you a member of this Rafferty Family??

lanaemery1 — 2012-05-12 15:50:18Z

my mum is dawn rafferty, born 1955, taken in to foster care and lost contact with her two brothers, shawn and glynn and sister sandra. if you know anything bout this let me know,

Re: Rafferty Family

sunedae10 — 2012-05-12 12:54:13Z

Yes I have reviewed your information often..and thank you ...I just posted a picture of PD Raverty and Mary Johnson as well as George their son and my Grandfather...I never met George as he passed when I was 3 I did however meet Georges wife Marie on several occasions at her home in Minnesota..all but 3 of their children are still living including dgt Dorothy..my mother.

Re: Rafferty Family

billgrimes99 — 2012-05-12 00:53:04Z

The Patrick buried in Sleepy Eye is in my line under the name Raverty, I have Rafferty/Raverty back to County Tyrone, Ireland, then to Westport, Ontario, Canada, then to Jessenland, Sibley County, MN, and then to Sleepy Eye.

Re: Rafferty Family

catwells75 — 2012-05-10 13:16:15Z

Dear James, Is this the same Patrick buried in the Home Cemetery in Sleepy Eye, Minnesota. Am planning an Ireland trip, first time, and want to go to Kingston, Ont. to see records there, also. Ever in Minnesota, look me up. Catherine

Re: Rafferty Family

billgrimes99 — 2012-05-07 15:35:05Z

Patrick Daniel and Mary Johnson are in my family tree. I looked you up and saw where you are from Northville. I am from Detroit and Livonia.

Re: Rafferty Family

sunedae10 — 2012-05-07 12:15:08Z

my great grandfather was patrick daniel raverty 1854 - 1931..brother to rose ann 1852 - 1936 he married mary johnson 1869 - 1939

Re: EUNICE RAFFERTY

jmjltks — 2012-04-21 14:06:30Z

Eunice was my mother, I also would like to know more of her side of the family

Re: FREDRICK RAFFERTY & LOUISE ROSA DANIELS

jmjltks — 2012-04-21 14:01:58Z

If you are still looking ? Eunice was my mother and I also would like to know more about her side of the family

Re: ed rafferty

bcmarshal — 2012-04-18 01:47:04Z

My name is Nicholas Rafferty and my email address is bcmarshal@msn.com . My father was Joseph Rafferty who's brother was Ed Rafferty (my uncle). Their father Ed Rafferty Sr. was my grandfather. Grandpop Ed Rafferty was in a nursing home in-about the time you mentioned. All worked for the Reading Railroad. Marie and her cousin Martha Quinn lived next door to my mother Julia Patricia Schwegel (spelling is close but not exact). I can tell you more but gave you enough information to let you know that I truly am related to those you are making inquiry about. Sorry it is 13-years late, but hopefully you or another will get this and contact me. Who are you? and what part do you have in the Rafferty family relation. Thanks, Nick.

Re: Harry J. Rafferty 1920 IL

sweetpeasmom52 — 2012-04-17 16:11:08Z

Thank you for contacting me about Harry. I posted this message for a friend who is connected with Laverne. He would like me to give you his e-mail address so that you may contact him direct. adavidm@live.com Again, thank you!

Re: Harry J. Rafferty 1920 IL

duffybase — 2012-04-09 15:34:20Z

He's in my family tree too. What info are you looking for?

Terrence Rafferty, Tithe Applotment Books, 1823-1838

facolley_1 — 2012-03-30 21:08:04Z

My GGgf Bartholmew Rafferty, came to the USA (NY) early 1800's from Co. Tyrone. His father was Terrence Rafferty (mother: Mary). The subject individual listed in the Tithe Applotment Books could be my GGGgf. Is their any other information available for him? Any help will be greatly appreciated.

Re: delia raferty b 1877

tjsands1 — 2012-03-25 12:19:25Z

Martin Gannon and Delia Raftery-Gannon are my great-parents.

I have been researching the Rafferty (or Raftery) and Gannon lineage. Let's collaborate. Check your inbox on Ancestry - I sent you a message.

Patrick & Peter Rafferty - Derynascobe, Armagh

katmcgeary — 2012-03-25 01:30:36Z

I have a Patrick Rafferty in my line b abt 1879 in townland of Derrynascobe, near Armagh and Fivemiletown, County Tyrone. He had a brother Peter. Patrick married Mary McGeary and they immigrated to Canada in 1927 sailing from Belfast to Quebec. They moved to Detroit, Michigan for a couple of years. When Patrick's father died, they returned to Ireland to take over his farm. Patrick & Mary had no children, however I was told they raised the child of one of their sisters upon the sister's death. I don't know what happened to Peter. There may also have been a brother or nephew named John Thomas. Patrick's mother is listed as Mrs. E. Rafferty on Patrick's manifest when he sailed to Quebec. Looking for any connections.......

Re: Rafferty - John Rafferty Residence in Charleston SC

Inhabitedvoid — 2012-03-17 20:41:52Z

I just found my link to John Rafferty. His aunt, Margaret Carragher McCarvel, was my great great grandma. I dont know anything about that side of the family, so id love to share any information you have.

Re: Christopher Rafferty

dwoody11 — 2012-02-28 23:22:58Z

I believe we are cousins. Your great grandfather, William is an uncle to me. His sister, Lucy Ann, was my great grandmother. You do not have her listed on your message. She was born 5 Oct 1850 and died 25 Apr 1973. She was married to James R Barger. Their daughter, Mary Mount is my grandmother, who married Neubern Sanders Montgomery. Their youngest son, John Russell Montgomery was my father. Welcome to the family.
I am in Weatherford Texas. Where are you?

Re: John or Jno Rafferty Baltimore Maryland 1833-1865

crw12515 — 2012-02-26 03:19:46Z

I have heard the same and that the brother, John, may have owned a hotel in Baltimore. I will let you know if I uncover more. I live about 80 miles west of Baltimore so I may have to plan a trip over to the orphanage. Found somewhere that William went to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys.

My paternal Great Grandfather, George, was May's brother.

Re: John or Jno Rafferty Baltimore Maryland 1833-1865

kbwallacepa — 2012-02-26 02:13:58Z

I haven't made any progress unfortunately. May Rafferty was my paternal Great Grandmother and she was the daughter of William Henery Rafferty & Elizabeth Baughman. I believe this John was the Uncle of Henery??? It's been a while since I've heard the story (so my names may be foggy) but from what I recall somewhere along the line John's father was killed in the Civil War and his wife died of "heartbreak". When that happened they had sons that were sent to an orphanage in Baltimore.

Re: John or Jno Rafferty Baltimore Maryland 1833-1865

crw12515 — 2012-02-26 00:11:22Z

I am looking into this as well. Have you made any progress since this posting?

How are you related?

Re: Rafferty - Northern Ireland

jingellic2 — 2012-02-19 07:33:49Z

Hellos Joan,
I am not sure if I ahve ever been in contact with you, but looking through messages tonight I noticed some names that were familiar My g/g/grandparents were Peter & Ellen Rafferty (nee Rafferty) from Eskerboy Tyrone Northern Ireland I am not sure that our dates match however we have the same names there
Would love to know more about "our Ellen" We have a little on Peter
Not sure if this will be valuable info or not
Regards
Teresa

Re: Rafferty's from Clearfield, PA--reunion?

JenOliphant — 2012-01-23 17:32:45Z

My 2nd question... When is the next family reunion? I would like to attend. My email is jenniferoliphant@gmail.com

Rafferty's from Clearfield, PA

JenOliphant — 2012-01-23 17:29:18Z

I thought I would start a new thread for questions about the Rafferty's from Clearfield Co., PA.
My first question is about James Edwin Rafferty's {1879-1965} wife Mary Elizabeth 'Minnie' Keenan 1879-1963.
I was wondering if anyone has a copy of Minnie's parents marriage record. Her parents were Owen Keenan and Mary Jane Freze. They were married at St. Bonaventure Catholic church in Grampian, Clearfield, PA. I tried contacting the church but they were unable to locate the record. I know it is there because I saw it at the Rafferty reunion about 12yrs ago. I believe Barbie Rafferty was the owner of the document. I would really appreciate it if anyone knows where I could get a copy of the marriage record.

Facebook page for Patrick Rafferty Sr. from Clearfield Co., PA

JenOliphant — 2012-01-23 17:00:29Z

Hello all,

I am trying to spread the word to my Rafferty relations that I started a genealogy page for Patrick Rafferty Sr. on Facebook.
It is named (Patrick Raffert Sr. 1774-1846). He lived in Clearfield County, PA.
This is a wonderful way to share photos, source docs, and family stories. Check it out. Please spread the word.
If you have any questions contact me here on Ancestry or at my email jenniferoliphant@gmail.com

Elizabeth Betsey Rafferty b1836 Ireland

janrey1234 — 2012-01-20 14:19:27Z

I'm looking for information on Elizabeth Betsey Rafferty born 1836 in Ireland. She lived in Stoneham, MA and married William Gay in 1859 in Medford MA. The marriage certificate lists parents as James and "Bady". Bady is a strange name and might be a nickname. I'd assume James Rafferty was b. sometime around 1800-1810 in Ireland. I don't know if he came to the States. Any information would be appreciated.

Paul Rafferty, former Mobile, AL bricklayer, tapped to sing in New York 1911

charbmoore1 — 2011-12-14 11:51:33Z

From the Mobile, Alabama Newspaper

Wednesday, Dec. 13, 1911

• "The following from the New York Dramatic News, relative to Gabe Chamberlain, Jr.:

"'Paul Rafferty, who until three weeks ago was a bricklayer in Mobile, Ala., is to join the Enchantress Company at the New York Theatre, having been engaged by Joseph M. Gaites upon the recommendation of Colonel Jacob Tannenbaum, who heard him sing and said he possessed a remarkable voice. Victor Herbert heard him the other day and said he was a wonder.'"

Not my line, just sharing.

Re: Looking for families related to Catherine Rafferty b) 1875 in New Jersey married to possibly William K Gumpper

ChristineMaguire54 — 2011-12-07 16:04:16Z

O my Goodness! It is so very nice to hear from you! I have been searching for what seems like forever for anyone connected with my Great Grandaunt Catherine. This is what I have so far:
Catherine A. Rafferty b) 1875 in New Jersey (nice to hear it was in Moorestown)
Married William K Gumpper b) 1875 in Philadelphia (is Gumpper the proper way to spell the last name??)
They were married 17 May 1898 in Moorestown.
Their children were:
Irene B b)1902.
James S. b) 11 Jan 1903-Aug 1971.
Helen b)1905.
Alice R. b)1906- 11 Aug 2001.
William K. b)1908.
Miriam E. b)1919. She married a man named Geoghegan in 1949 in Philadelphia. I am not positive that this is correct so it is listed as a possibility.
I found Catherine in 1880, 1885, 1910, 1920 & 1930..cannot find her in the 1900 census, she was about 10 at the time.
Her husband William was a barber in Philadelphia.
Trying to find much about her parents is difficult to say the least being they were from Ireland.
James (her father) I have listed as coming from Co. Mayo, Ireland. This was given to me by my grandmother who is passed now. And Mary Ann Narree (spelling varies) is from Co. Cork, according to my grandmother.
It seems like alot of info, but actually it really isn't. I would love to have any info on the family. It will help me alot.
Catherine's sister Mary Jane married my Gr. Grandfather James Maguire in 1889 in Moorestown.
I was raised in Moorestown. A place I call home. However, I live in Indiana now..have since 1969.
It is so nice to connect with you! I hope we can add to each other's search for our families and ancestors!
Please feel free to contact me at:
christinemaguire@hotmail.com
;)

Re: Looking for families related to Catherine Rafferty b) 1875 in New Jersey married to possibly William K Gumpper

Gumppette — 2011-12-07 05:48:20Z

Catherine Rafferty was my great grandmother. I don't have any info for her parents, but I can find out her childrens names. I believe it was James (my grandfather) Irene and Helen. She was born in 1876 moorestown, died 1931 philadelphia.

I want to find cousins in Vancouver,Canada

davidrafferty123 — 2011-11-13 14:54:55Z

nd about 1900,my grandfather was george and my grandmother mary,mygrandfather was blinded in a pit accident soon after Daniel was born and my grandmother hade to go and work at the pit head .My father was the yOungest ,born in1922. Once again . Park head Rows ,,Bellshill ,Lanarkshire scotland

I want to find cousins in Vancouver,Canada

davidrafferty123 — 2011-11-13 14:54:50Z

paula rafferty severence

linday7632 — 2011-10-29 03:09:39Z

I am posting this message as Paula Rafferty Severence was an researcher of the rafferty and severence families. Paula passed in 2002. She lived In Van Nuys Ca Lived in New Jersey. Graduatedfrom Wayne Valley 67 Wayne N J

She will be memorialized on the wayme website www.waynevalley67.com site

Re: Looking for families related to Catherine Rafferty b) 1875 in New Jersey married to possibly William K Gumpper

stumpypoint99 — 2011-10-04 01:07:43Z

My Gr Grandfather, Albert (Patrick) Rafferty is a sibling to your mom and Catherine. I vaguely remember a 'Gumper' being mentioned. My great Aunt Regina (Albert's daughter) is still living. I saw her eldest Jeanne McMinamen on a previous message board. She posted the following about Albert

1. Born in Burlington Co., NJ to James and Mary (Nary),immigrants 1865/1868 from Ireland. Large family -William, John P., James, Jewell, Anna, Rose, Edward,(Albert) and Bernard. -Lived in Philadelphia-had business(plasterer)-high member in Knights of Columbus

Re: Are you a member of this Rafferty Family??

stumpypoint99 — 2011-10-04 00:52:27Z

Christine, My mom had noted that James Rafferty (immigrated in 1865)lived in Moorestown, Burlington Co., NJ and worked on a horse farm. His sons were the Rafferty Plasterers of Philadelphia and were good friends with the Kelly Bricklayers (Princess Grace's family) My gr grandfather, Albert Rafferty, had a vacation home in Ocean City, NJ as did the Kelly's my mom and Grace grew up on the beach together. So all those Raffertys I've been running into in NJ and Philly are probably our cousins. Dianne

Re: Are you a member of this Rafferty Family??

stumpypoint99 — 2011-10-04 00:30:56Z

Hi Christine! We're cousins! Albert Rafferty and Mary (Holst) are my great Grandparents! Have you tried checking church records yet? Were they in Diocese of Camden or Trenton? I wonder if their sacrament records are on line. That's probably the easiest and most reliable search methods
Thanks for all the info! Dianne :)

Re: grandfather

stumpypoint99 — 2011-10-02 23:41:24Z

Margaret,

I am you cousin, Dianne. Ronnie's daughter. I am saddened to inform you that she died of Alzheimer's Disease December 7, 2009 at age 73. Our cousin Jean O'Hare (Aunt Berts Eldest)died 5 days prior and my mom's brother, Jerry, died a year earlier While mom was still cognizant, she wrote much of her family tree down. Unfortunately it was on bits of paper here and there . I am trying to fill in as many parts of my genealogy as possible as a tribute to my mom and a gift to my grandchildren. What are the stats on your mom. I heard of an Aunt Ruth, but was she also Anna R?

Teresa Rafferty - Tyrone - (c1866 - 1937) m Henry Coleman in 1890

cpcrossey — 2011-09-28 10:33:24Z

So, our family line has a Henry Coleman (c1861 - ) who married Teresa Rafferty (c1866 - 1937) in Clonoe RC Church, Tyrone. Her father was Daniel, a farmer. The married couple were both from Meenagh townland, near Coalisland.
His father was Thomas, also a farmer.

Any details would really be appreciated.

Ciaran Crossey
cpcrossy at gmail.com

Rafferty/Raftery from Glenamaddy area of County Galway

tjsands1 — 2011-09-01 20:45:45Z

I am looking for information on the Raftery’s/Rafferty’s who lived in the Glenamaddy area of County Galway in the late 1800s/early 1900s. I believe it was “Raftery” in Ireland and those who emigrated to USA became known as “Rafferty” – probably a mistake at Ellis Island that stuck. I am also researching the Gannon's, Dowd's and Reilly's as described below who were also from the Glenamaddy area.

This is what I know – these people were siblings…

1- Bridget (Delia) Raftery born about 1877, came to USA around 1897. Married Martin Gannon, born 1870, emigrated to USA in 1890. They had children were Martin, John, Thomas, Matthew, Patrick, Mary, Beatrice and Catherine.

2- Mary Raftery born about 1880, came to USA around 1899. Married Monahan (John or William?) – known as “Aunt Mame”. They had at least three children – William, Marion and Margaret (Marguerite?).

3- Edward (Ted) Raftery born about 1885, came to USA around 1906. May have also been know as Timothy. Married Delia Dowd. They had children were Mary, Thomas and Christine.

4- Sarah Raftery born about 1890, came to USA in 1917 with her husband, Owen Reilly. They had at least four daughters – Margaret, Ruth, Virginia and Catherine.

5- Thomas Raftery, probably born in 1870s. I do not know his spouse but children include Mary (born 1901) and Sarah (born 1903), both of whom came to US, and Thomas who stayed in Ireland.

6- James Raftery – I am unsure of birthyear. May have emigrated to Wales.

I would love to learn more of their ancestors and/or connect with people descended from them.

Lt. Francis J. Rafferty of Los Angeles, CA 1943

drbrownlee — 2011-08-21 05:37:59Z

Francis is pictured in the 43-B class flight yearbook of Lubbock Army Air Field in Lubbock, Texas. He is a flight cadet. I'm not kin but thought this might help someone researching the family.

Raffertys of Woburn, Ma

joanngreen56 — 2011-08-16 18:42:13Z

Looking for info re: James ( b. 1805, possibly in Sligo) and wife Bridget (Kelley) Rafferty (b. 1812, in Ireland).
Know that thye had children : Mary, Hugh, Owen, Mary Ellen, and possibly Agnes. Any info, especially about Irish roots, would be GREATLY appreciated.

Re: Bell children listed as children of John Rafferty 1920 Oklahoma

1p16 — 2011-08-09 18:34:22Z

Hello,

I was randomly putting in search criteria for relatives and came upon your post from 2007. Hopefully you will still receive this. My great-grandmother was Mary Iduma Smith Bell Rafferty. She was married to Crittenden Hill Bell. My grandmother is Ruth Christine Bell married to Lloyd Sylvester Packer, daughter of Mary and Crittenden. I might be able to fill in some blanks in your research, but I'm also very curious as to your relationship to Mary and Crittenden. My mother is alive and remembers much of this history.

Paula Ludwig Elmes
Fairbanks, Alaska

Re: MARTIN AND HONOR RAFFERTY of Va. and Oil, Indiana

judyfuss — 2011-08-01 23:40:24Z

Hi and thank you for your reply!
The only thing I have on William Francis Rafferty is that he was born in Mt. Carmel, Il. No date. This info was on the Record of Interments at St. Joseph's Cathloic Cem. in Princeton, Ind. (He is NOT the son of Nicholas and Margaret Rafferty.....although they did have a son William E. who died in 1950) William Francis Rafferty died (brain fever) June 19, 1913. Place not listed, and there is no tomb stone. I can't understand why he was buried with my Rafferty line. Nicholas Rafferty died (cancer of the stomach) July 6, 1913, one month later. I thought that to be odd. I might send for a death cert. to see just who William is! But they sure are getting pricy!! Another odd thing......William is buried Sec 2 Lot 7, #7, but he is NOT listed in the Interments in the Cemetery Book. I'm just wondering if maybe William was the BROTHER of Nicholas?? Thanks again for your reply. I will be interested in finding out what you are able to find, and thank you so much for doing that.
Judy
PS. There was also a Agnes Donovan who died Jan. 6, 1981 who is buried with these Rafferty's and she also died in Mt. Carmel, Il.

Re: MARTIN AND HONOR RAFFERTY of Va. and Oil, Indiana

dargirl2007 — 2011-08-01 14:56:38Z

Very possible. MtCarmel is a very small town. I will check into it. Do you have any dates for William Francis Rafferty. I will be in MTC next week and I will look for info.

William Francis Rafferty, Mt. Carmel, Illinois

judyfuss — 2011-07-30 09:48:19Z

Looking for information about William Francis Rafferty, born in Mt. Carmel, Illinois, died June 19, 1913. Any information greatly appreciated.
Judy Fuss

Re: MARTIN AND HONOR RAFFERTY of Va. and Oil, Indiana

judyfuss — 2011-07-30 09:36:27Z

Hello. Is your grandaughter related to a William Francis Rafferty, who was born in Mt. Carmel, Il.? I am trying to tie him into my Rafferty's. Any information greatly appreciated.
Judy Fuss

Patrick Rafferty

robertwilson09 — 2011-07-01 20:54:39Z

I'm researching information on my wifes family, specificallyPatrick Rafferty abt 1845. Our Patrick was born
in Dunsmore Galway, Ireland. His father we think was Michael Rafferty, who imagrated to the us and raised his family in the Manhattan,NY. area. He had a son James who was a jockey. James's son Michael Frances Rafferty was my Wifes father France's sibblings were,Daniel,Phillip, Anne,
Ellen Jane, Maud, and Christine. Any leads in this family will be appreciated.
Bob
robertwilson09@att.net

Re: Christopher Rafferty

jbean12 — 2011-06-13 07:26:16Z

Christopher Rafferty was my great great grandfather. He was born in 1818 in Tennessee. Mira was born in 1824 in Tennessee. He has been the hardest person to find in my family. He was a confederate soldier in the Missouri 1st/4th consolidated infantry company C.He was a POW at Ft. Deleware and was exchanged on 27 Feb. 1865. He and Mira had 6 children. Both he and Mira died after the civil war and the children were sent to live with James R. Barger family in Arkansas. The children were: William R. Rafferty (my great grandfather, Martha, Thomas F, John C, and Mary Elizabeth. The Bargers moved to Hill County Texas.

Rafferty Family in Auburn, Susquehanna, PA

christieaf — 2011-05-20 22:16:47Z

I have found a lot of useful information on the Raffertys in PA on this message board, but I'm still looking for my great-great-grandparents' family.

My great-great-grandfather was John Rafferty, born about 1841 in Pennsylvania. He was married to Ann, born about 1847 in Pennsylvania. They lived in Auburn Township, PA.

His children (I believe) were Mary E (b Jan 1866 in Auburn Township), Ann Jane (b 1867 in Auburn Township), Catherine A, my great-grandmother (b 1869 in Auburn Township), and Thomas F (born 1873 in Pennsylvania).

If anyone has any information on this family and their ancestors and descendants, I'd love to hear about it.

Thanks,
Chris

Rafferty - John Rafferty Residence in Charleston SC

cattalac — 2011-05-13 14:02:23Z

Taken from my father's memoirs:

John Rafferty and had three boys: Jimmie (who died of appendicitis), John (who finally died of lifelong alcoholism and dissipation), and Francis, who must have died at an early age, like Jimmie, since I knew only John.

Rafferty owned the Charleston Iron Works, and was apparently very well off. He was also an "Irish Politician" (an alderman, I believe) and it has been hinted that at least part of his affluence resulted from his efforts in behalf of Standard Oil, when that company succeeded in having a refinery located within the city limits of Charleston. He and his family lived well indeed, some might say lavishly, while he was alive, but he did not live to a ripe old age. He left Aunt Miss comfortably fixed with the remaining son John (who was quite a cross to bear) to look after. Young "Jawn" as Aunt Miss used to call him in that delightfully quaint Charlestonian accent or brogue, decided early in life that work was the fate or legacy of idiots only, and he went "all out" to prove himself an intellectual of the first water, engaging in games of chance exclusively, for the remainder of his existence.